Kata Kunci
Agriculture
Sharia Economic Law
Profit Sharing
Sharia Financing
Abstrak
The mudharabah contract is a profit-and-loss sharing instrument in Islamic economics that distributes risk proportionally between the capital provider (shahib al-mal) and the entrepreneur (mudharib). Beyond its established application in Islamic banking, this contract holds significant potential for the agricultural sector, which continues to face chronic financing constraints. This study aims to: (1) analyze the concept of mudharabah from the perspective of Sharia Economic Law; (2) examine its implementation in agricultural business partnerships; and (3) evaluate the profit-sharing and risk distribution mechanisms relevant to the agricultural context. Employing a library research method with a normative-juridical approach and descriptive-qualitative analysis, this study draws on scholarly literature, empirical research, and the Fatwa of the National Sharia Board–Indonesian Ulama Council (DSN-MUI) No. 115/DSN-MUI/IX/2017. The results show that mudharabah possesses strong normative foundations in the Qur'an, Hadith, ijma', and the DSN-MUI fatwa. Its principles of justice, trust (amanah), transparency, and risk sharing make it highly relevant for agriculture's inherently uncertain environment. Multiple empirical studies confirm that mudharabah financing improves farmers' capital access, productivity, and welfare. However, implementation is impeded by high crop-failure risk, weak financial record-keeping, limited supervisory capacity, and low Islamic financial literacy among farmers. These findings point to the need for regulatory strengthening, business mentoring, and innovative Sharia financing models so that the mudharabah contract can function optimally as a sustainable agricultural financing instrument.
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